C10M

Executive Overview: High-concurrency system design requires lock-free data structures, asynchronous I/O multiplexing, and zero-copy memory buffers to scale to millions of requests. Pillar Architecture Guide: This article is part of the High-throughput Go Framework Benchmarks: Gin, Fiber, Kratos series. Please refer to the original article for a comprehensive overview of the architecture. Answer-First: Handling millions of requests per second (the C10M problem) requires eliminating kernel-space context switching overhead through asynchronous event loops (epoll/kqueue) or kernel-bypass networking (DPDK, io_uring), paired with zero-copy I/O memory buffers, L4 DSR (Direct Server Return) load balancing, and lock-free concurrency structures in Go. ...

Executive Summary & System Design Foundations High-concurrency systems handling millions of concurrent requests (C10M scale) must push load shedding and admission control as close to the network edge as possible: Edge Admission Control: Offload connection handling via eBPF/DPDK and API Gateways. Atomic In-Memory Reservation: Reserve stock in Redis via single-threaded Lua scripts to prevent DB row lock contention. Asynchronous Persistence: Enqueue confirmed reservations into Kafka for decoupling and rate leveling. Resilient Database Layer: Write-append order logs to sharded MySQL/TiDB clusters. 1. High-Concurrency Systems & The C10M Challenge Handling 10 million concurrent connections (C10M) requires rethinking traditional OS network stacks: ...